analogues to indicate the Aramaic translation delivered orally in the synagogue service.10 This book will use the word “Targum” to designate Aramaic translations of books of the Hebrew Bible done by Jews during the rabbinic period. This description is based upon four basic elements of the Targums’ character: (1) Aramaic translations of (2) books of the Hebrew Bible (3) done by Jews (4) during the rabbinic period. To qualify as a Targum in this description, the text must meet all four criteria. While
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